ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π»Ρ "mutation" Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ
ΡΡΡ.
- ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
- ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°
- ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
- ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ
- ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°
- ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ
- ΡΠΌΠ»ΡΡΡ
Π€ΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°
ΡΡΡ.
One hundred rad is sufficient to mutate chromosomes in a way that differs from the mutation caused by burns or chemical materials.
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΆΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ².
In the present report, the doubling dose has been estimated using spontaneous mutation rates of human genes and radiation-induced mutation rates of mouse genes, because there are no data on radiation-induced mutations in humans.
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π²Π°ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
Ρ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ.
Off-type (including mutation, abberants)
ΠΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ° (Π² Ρ.Ρ. ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π°Π±Π±Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ)
Information on the nature of radiation-associated mutations suggests that DNA-loss events (gene deletions) will tend to dominate this mutational component.
ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠΠ (ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²) Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ, ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ.
Importantly, the key mutational events in cancer development are frequently dependent on the organ in which the irradiated cell is located and fall into two general categories -- small specific mutations in single genes and mutations involving loss of DNA (sometimes spanning more than one gene).
Π Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ - ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΠ (ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π³Π΅Π½).
A small fraction of such mutations can contribute to cancer development.
ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°.
The test lies only in these mutations being made productive.
ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ.
16. There has been progress in identifying resistance genes, in identifying mutations which lead to these resistance genes, and in knowing whether mutations for resistance impact replication and pathogenicity.
16. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π² ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ.
A forced mutation of this rich mosaic into uniformity would be destabilizing.
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»Π° Π±Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ.
(a) Include new estimates of the spontaneous mutation rate in humans;
a) Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°;
It's a mutation, it's a very groovy mutation.
ΠΡΠΎ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π·Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ.
It had been discovered that phages could have mutations which would affect their ability to attack bacteria, and we were supposed to study those mutations.
Π ΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ,Β β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΡ Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ.
The second mutation was either one in which an extra base was put back in, or two more were taken out.
ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΡΡ.
The most interesting feature, of course, is their eyesβtotally blue, no whites in them." "Mutation?" "No;
ΠΠΎ, Π±Π΅Π·ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° β Π³Π»Π°Π·Π°. Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅, Π±Π΅Π· ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ. βΒ ΠΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ? βΒ ΠΠ΅Ρ.
There were also some phages that would have a second mutation which would reconstitute their ability to attack bacteria.
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π° ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ.
I gave a talk to the biology department about the double mutations which occurred so close together.
Π― ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π» Π² Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ.
I told them my guess was that one mutation made a change in the protein, such as changing the pH of an amino acid, while the other mutation made the opposite change on a different amino acid in the same protein, so that it partially balanced the first imitationβnot perfectly, but enough to let the phage operate again.
Π Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Ρ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ,Β β Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ°Π³ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅.
It was a slow job. It was sort of accidental: You had to wait around until von got a double mutation, which was very rare.
Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ: Π²Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ.
In other words, there were βback mutations, but they werenβt always perfect; sometimes the phage would recover only part of the ability it had lost.
ΠΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Β«ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ» ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ β ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ°Π³ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π» Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
Bob Edgar suggested that I do an experiment which would try to find out if the back mutations occurred in the same place on the DNA spiral.
ΠΠΎΠ± ΠΠ΄Π³Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΠΠ.
I kept trying to think of ways to make a phage mutate more often and how to detect mutations more quickly, but before I could come up with a good technique the summer was over, and I didnβt feel like continuing on that problem.
Π― Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ, Π»Π΅ΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ½Π΅ Π½Π΅ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡ.
ΡΡΡ.
The rapid expansion of extrabudgetary resources has led to its mutation.
ΠΡΡΡΡΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π²Π½Π΅Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π» ΠΊ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
48. Admittedly, terrorism in our day is undergoing all kinds of mutations.
48. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 49/.
Public administration, public management and good governance: conceptual mutations and cumulative paradigm shifts
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
II. Public administration, public management and good governance: conceptual mutations and cumulative paradigm shifts
II. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Changes in the balance of power and the dynamism of international relations often mutate unforeseeably into chaotic scenes of tense contradiction and conflict.
ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ», Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π² Ρ
Π°ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ, ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ².
2000 Le droit tunisien du travail et les mutations internationales, in MΓ©langes Habib Ayadi, CPU, Tunis.
2000 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ "Π’ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ", Melanges Habib AYADI, ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ CPU , Π’ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
The high numbers of diplomats in, particularly the positions of Ambassador and Consul, ensue from mutations that took place during the reporting period.
Π ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄.
The new Office should build up its capacities and receive more resources to be able to keep up with mutations of conflicts in that region.
ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ², Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
.
155. The national-level standoff between TFG and the Mogadishu-based opposition has now mutated to include a powerful militant fundamentalist element.
155. Π ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π€ΠΠ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π² ΠΠΎΠ³Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ -- Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ.
The incredible, unhoped-for mutation was both... beneficial and fatal to me.
Π― Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ½ ΡΠ°Π· ΠΈ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π°. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅.
Dan has a heart condition known as HCM. It's a... genetic mutation.
Π£ ΠΠ΅Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΎ ...Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Some kind of lifeform probably evolved or underwent some unexpected mutation... Wait a second... nothing can evolve that quick...
Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΏΠ½ΠΎ... ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅...
That's not exactly a mutation that would get you into Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters, but go on.
ΠΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΆΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΠΌ
ΡΡΡ.
Anther and microspore culture techniques, to obtain homozygous diploid mutants following irradiation, are frequently used in several mutation-breeding projects supported by the Agency.
Π ΡΡΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
He saw the heart-rending, dead, depopulated city that had housed the plant workers, to which it will be hardly possible to return for centuries. In the 30-kilometre zone, he saw abandoned villages, mutated forests, millions of tonnes of radioactive mud.
ΠΠ½ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π» ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΡΡΡ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠΉ, Π±Π΅Π·Π»ΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ΄ Π»ΠΈ Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°, Π»Π΅ΡΠ°-ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅.
93. A number of small-berried varieties were added to the exhaustive list of small berried varieties: [Black Seedless,] Centennial Seedless, Crimson Seedless, Dawn Seedless, Eclipse Seedless, Muscat Seedless, Muska, Pirobella, Sharat Seedless (Kishmi Chorni), Thompson Seedless and Mutations, Sundance and Sunred Seedless.
93. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ: [Black Seedless,] Centennial Seedless, Crimson Seedless, Dawn Seedless, Eclipse Seedless, Muscat Seedless, Muska, Pirobella, Sharat Seedless (Kishmi Chorni), Thompson Seedless ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ, Sundance ΠΈ Sunred Seedless.
The lake didn't mutate me.
Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎ... Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ?
You're not mutation. You're evolution.
Π’Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
The waters can't mutate us mutants!
ΠΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°Ρ, ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ!
Was trapped underneath a gigantic mutated squid,
ΠΡΠ»Π° Π·Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ-ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ,
ΡΡΡ.
The world has undoubtedly changed since 1945, and remains in a state of permanent mutation, as the ongoing discussions on the international economic and financial architecture demonstrate.
ΠΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ 1945 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ, ΠΎΠ½ ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½, ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡ.
Furthermore, and in the face of the globalization and universalization that is engendering the arrogant triumphalism of the powerful, the international community must rise above the disparities among its members and find adequate ways of overcoming the negative impact on a fragile international balance of the mutations that are currently taking place.
ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅.
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