490. Among many other principles of indisputable value as examples we may single out, in each of the fundamental legal texts of the provinces, those which provide that arrests may be made only in the exercise of competent authority, the principle of the legally competent judge, the impossibility of being punished except after being tried according to a law antedating the act that gave rise to the proceedings, the principle of favor rei (favour towards the accused) and in dubio pro reo (in doubt be for the accused), the rule of non bis in idem (not twice for the same offence), equality under the law, the mildest law principle, the principle of nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege praevia (no crime, no punishment without a previous law), the elimination of every kind of torture and flogging and the proscription of any humiliation going beyond the precautionary measures essential on prison premises.